Missouri Compromise of 1820: Underlying Causes

The Missouri Compromise, agreed upon in 1820, was a significant event in American history that aimed to maintain the delicate balance of power between slave and non-slave states in Congress. This compromise was reached through a series of negotiations and concessions, ultimately resulting in the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Additionally, the Compromise established a boundary line, known as the 36°30’ latitude line, above which slavery was prohibited.

The need for the Missouri Compromise arose due to the growing conflict surrounding Missouri's admission into the Union. In 1819, the Tallmadge amendment was proposed, which sought to prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provide for the gradual emancipation of those already residing there. This amendment was passed by the House of Representatives, which was predominantly controlled by the more populous Northern states. However, it failed to gain approval in the Senate, where the number of free and slave states was evenly divided.

This deadlock in Congress prompted the need for a compromise that would appease both sides of the slavery debate. The Missouri Compromise emerged as a solution, allowing for the admission of both Missouri and Maine into the Union. By admitting Maine as a free state, the balance of power between slave and non-slave states was maintained. Furthermore, the Compromise established the 36°30’ latitude line, which prohibited slavery in the territories acquired through the Louisiana Purchase.

While the Missouri Compromise appeared to resolve the immediate issue of slavery extension, it was not without its critics. John Quincy Adams, in his diary, expressed his belief that the Compromise was merely a prelude to a larger and more tragic conflict over slavery. Indeed, the Compromise did not address the underlying tensions and disagreements between the North and the South regarding the institution of slavery.

In conclusion, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a significant agreement that aimed to preserve the balance of power between slave and non-slave states in Congress. By admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and establishing the 36°30’ latitude line, the Compromise sought to address the immediate conflict surrounding Missouri's admission. However, it did not fully resolve the deeper issues surrounding slavery, as later events would demonstrate.