Second New Deal: Progressive Leap or Continuation?
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‘The Second New Deal was more progressive than the First.’ How far do you agree?
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The statement that "The Second New Deal was more progressive than the First" holds some truth. During the First New Deal of 1933-34, the focus was primarily on relief and recovery measures in response to the Great Depression. The government implemented programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to provide jobs and assistance to the unemployed. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) aimed to address economic hardships faced by farmers.
Additionally, the First New Deal aimed to stabilize the banking system and revitalize the economy through measures like the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the abandonment of the gold standard. While these initiatives provided some relief and recovery, their impact was limited, and many Americans remained in dire economic conditions.
In contrast, the Second New Deal of 1935-38 had a more pronounced focus on reforming the social and labor sectors of society. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) articulated his vision for a more progressive America during his second term, reflecting a shift in priorities. The Social Security Act, enacted in 1935, was a landmark piece of legislation that introduced old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare programs. This act revolutionized the welfare system and aimed to provide a safety net for vulnerable individuals.
Another significant reform during the Second New Deal was the passage of the Wagner Act (also known as the National Labor Relations Act) in 1935. This act established workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively, giving them more power and protection in labor relations. Although FDR himself was not entirely enthusiastic about some aspects of the Wagner Act, it established a new foundation for labor relations and represented a progressive step forward.
The Wealth Tax Act, while more symbolic than effective, also demonstrated a progressive stance by targeting the wealthiest individuals and corporations for higher taxes. This act aimed to reduce wealth inequality and generate revenue for the government to fund social programs.
Additionally, the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act of the late 1930s provided effective work relief for those struggling during the Depression. It allocated significant funds to public works projects, creating jobs and stimulating economic growth.
It is important to note that different measures of progressiveness can be used to evaluate the statement. In this case, considering the significance of social reforms, labor rights, and the government's role in addressing economic inequality, the Second New Deal appears to be more progressive than the First. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the First New Deal laid the groundwork for subsequent reforms and played a crucial role in stabilizing the economy during a critical time.
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‘The Second New Deal was more progressive than the First.’ How far do you agree? Indicative content Many commentators suggest that ‘The first New Deal focused on relief and recovery, the second on reform’. Possible discussion points include how the First New Deal of 1933–34 included federal action to relieve unemployment such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and economic hardship, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. It also stabilised the banking system and saw the USA leave the gold standard to allow for the inflation of the US economy. Also, much legislative and executive activity led to some relief and some recovery, if not a great deal of either. The Second New Deal of 1935–38 was more ambitious in its focus on reform as FDR articulated his vision of the future USA in 1934–35. The Social Security Act, introducing old age pensions, was the most radical social reform of the era while the Wagner Act established a new basis for labour relations – even if FDR was not keen on all aspects. Furthermore,the Wealth Tax Act was more symbolic than effective. The Emergency Relief Appropriations Act did much to provide effective work relief in the late 1930s. When considering these ideas candidates should use some measure of ‘progressive’ to come to a judgement about the statement. Accept any other valid responses.