Functionalism and Crime in Society

Title: Understanding Crime in Society from a Functionalist Perspective

Introduction
Functionalism is a sociological perspective that views society as a complex system made up of interrelated parts that work together to maintain social equilibrium. In this essay, we will discuss why functionalists believe there is crime in society by exploring various reasons and theories that explain the existence of crime.

Limited Amount of Crime as Socially Necessary
Functionalists argue that a certain amount of crime in society is socially necessary, beneficial, and inevitable. According to this perspective, crime serves some important functions such as defining the boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable behavior. By having clear laws and consequences for breaking them, society can reinforce its values and norms, creating a sense of order and cohesion among its members.

Value Consensus and Reinforcement of Social Norms
One of the key reasons why functionalists believe in the existence of crime is based on the concept of value consensus. Laws and norms in society reflect the shared values and beliefs of the majority, and when these are violated through criminal behavior, it serves as a reminder to individuals about the boundaries of acceptable conduct. This reinforcement of social norms helps to maintain order and stability in society.

Social Change and Need for Adjustment
Functionalists also see crime as a useful tool for measuring the need for changes in society. For example, instances of rioting or protests may indicate underlying social inequalities or grievances that need to be addressed. By analyzing patterns of crime and deviance, society can identify areas that require attention and reform in order to improve social conditions and reduce criminal behavior.

Merton's Strain Theory
Merton's strain theory is another important explanation for crime from a functionalist perspective. According to this theory, individuals in society strive for success and the pursuit of socially approved goals such as wealth or status. However, not everyone has equal access to legitimate means of achieving these goals, leading to a societal strain that can manifest in criminal behavior as individuals seek alternative pathways to success.

Status Frustration and Inequalities
Cohen's concept of status frustration is particularly relevant when considering why certain groups, such as young working-class males, may turn to criminal activities. In the face of social disadvantages and inequalities, individuals may feel frustrated and marginalized, leading them to engage in delinquent behavior as a way to assert their agency and seek recognition within society.

Inadequate Socialization in Non-Nuclear Families
The New Right perspective, exemplified by Murray, argues that inadequate socialization in non-nuclear families contributes to a rise in crime, particularly among the underclass. According to this view, the breakdown of traditional family structures and values has weakened the social bonds that help instill moral values and responsible behavior in individuals, leading to an increase in criminality.

Illegitimate Opportunity Structures and Criminal Career
Cloward and Ohlin's theory of access to illegitimate opportunity structures suggests that individuals in certain deprived areas may turn to crime as a means of advancement and success. By navigating the "crime career ladder," individuals can achieve status and material gains that are otherwise unattainable through legitimate means, perpetuating a cycle of criminal behavior and social disadvantage.

Focal Concerns and Working-Class Values
Miller's concept of focal concerns highlights the similarities between the values of the working class and those of criminals. According to this perspective, lower-class individuals may engage in criminal behavior that aligns with their values, such as toughness and street smarts, which are necessary for survival and success in their social context.

Economic Functionality of Crime
From an economic standpoint, functionalists argue that crime creates jobs within the criminal justice system, including the police, prisons, and courts. This job creation serves as an economic function for society, providing employment opportunities and sustaining various sectors that deal with law enforcement and rehabilitation of offenders.

Conclusion
In conclusion, functionalists believe that crime exists in society for a variety of reasons, ranging from its role in defining social norms and reinforcing values to its function as a symptom of social inequalities and strains. By examining the different theories and perspectives presented in this essay, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between crime and society from a functionalist standpoint.